The glass menagerie by tenesse williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The glass menagerie by tenesse williams - Essay Example The play is full of imagery and symbolism. Williams uses the characters in the play as symbols themselves. Amanda Wingfield is a southern woman who got abandoned by her husband and is mother to Tom and Laura. In the most parts of the play, she spends her time reminiscing on her past. She also cuts across to the reader as a control freak who nags Tom and Laura by trying to control their every move in the family’s house. She is entirely dependent on Tom for their house rent but still dictates when it is appropriate to play music in the house, dismiss people from the dining table, and even offers her children advice on how they should chew food properly! The yellow dress and bathrobe get used by Williams to symbolize Amanda’s longing for her long gone past. She struggles to put aside her love for his husband who abandoned her. Tom acts as the play’s protagonist and narrator. As a character, he appears to be full of contradiction. Tom’s participation in the play depicts juvenile emotion. Tom is ambitious throughout the play as he works hard to provide for his family. He constantly expresses his love for writing poetry, reading literature, and even has dreams of abandoning his family just to get an escape and have adventure with life’s allure. He however appears bound to their house hold and the petty, squalid living it has to offer. He appears to care for both his mother and sister but becomes cruel to them at times. Even though his father abandoned the family, he draws influence from his absentee father’s family portrait in the household. He follows in his footsteps by abandoning Laura and Amanda at the play’s end leaving them shattered and devastated. Laura is the emotionally and physically crippled sister in the family. She cuts across as the only character in the play who is compassionate to everyone else by not hurting them. Her character is symbolic as she has the fewest lines in the lay

Great deal of documentation Essay Example for Free

Great deal of documentation Essay These two documents need to be completed by the company and sent off to the companies of house where they will assess if the organisation meets the requirements to trade under the name PLC. The companies of house will provide the organisation of a certificate of incorporation which gives them the legal right to start trading. Apart from the legal requirements the formation of a public limited company is a very expensive process compared to a sole trader or partnership and requires a great deal of documentation. The company also needs to have at least  50,000 of share available before it can become a PLC. Another disadvantage is that the founder(s) of the company can end up losing total control of the organisation due to the company shares being readily available for sale on the stock exchange. Large organisations such as Tesco can become difficult to manage efficiently due to the size and capacity of the organisation which often results in staff feeling ignored by a remote management and the decision making can be difficult and take a great deal of time to be able to reach a conclusion. Also detailed financial accounts of the organisation must be published each year, which provides valuable information on how the company is performing to competitors and prospective take-over companies. OBJECTIVES OF TESCO PLC Tesco is already the number one food retailer in Britain and one of the top three in the world, but the organisations wants to improve in stature and minimise the chances of potential competitors catching up. Tesco PLC has one main aims which it expects to achieve in order to continue it success in the competitive UK retail market against such competitors as Sainsbury and Asda. To increase value for customers continually and to earn their lifetime loyalty For this specific aim, they have also set themselves several objectives to increase their chances of achieving the aim such as: 1. To understand our customers better than any of our competitors do. This objective was set so that the customer service provided and the understanding of customers by Tesco PLC is the best in the market and to ensure their closest competitors are not capable of competing. 2. To earn the respect of our staff for these values and to appreciate their contribution to achieving them. Tesco PLC not only wants to appreciate the contribution of their external customers but also the internal one. Tesco want to show that it cares for the needs and expectations of it staff. 3. To recognise that we have brilliant people working for us and to use this strength to make our customers shopping enjoyable in a way that no competitor can. Tesco PLC want to appreciate what their staff are doing for them and that will increase the staff moral and motivate them to continue with the work so potential competitors are kept at bay.

Cults :: essays papers

Cults Each year, hundreds of North Americans join one of the increasing, estimated 3000 unorthodox religions that exist across North America. The increasing number of cults, to date in North America, is due to the fact that cults are a social movement that attempts to help people cope with their perceived problems with social interaction. Cult recruiters target those who perceive themselves as different from the rest of society, and give these individuals the sense of belonging that they crave. Cult literature lures potential cult members by appealing to their desperate need to socially fit in. Cults provide a controlled family environment that appeals to potential cult members because it is a removal from the exterior society. Cult recruiters prey on those who see themselves as alienated from the rest of society, and give these people the sense of conformity that they desire. A common method of recruiters, to obtain new members, is through chat lines on the internet. A recorded conversation between a member of the Divine Light Mission, Fire-Shade, and an 18-year old boy, Jay 18, was obtained off of the site, IRC Teen Chat. Jay18: I am a really great poet, but all of the kids in my class are pretty warped about it. I basically hide it from them because I don't need that hassle. Fire-Shade: My family has a great respect for the artist inside us all. I know you live in Michigan, and our family could always use new operatives all over the world. You have to understand what our family is about, it is about always fitting in and never hiding the truth to be liked or cool. Are you interested? Jay18: Well maybe... Fire-Shade: Give me your phone number we really shouldn't talk about this here. Jay18: I would rather not give my phone number out. You give me yours, I won't be able to talk for long though. Fire-Shade: Trust is very important in our group...do you trust me? You can't call us, unfortunately because we are not in a position to be accepting phone calls. Jay18: Well then you can just e-mail me...OK. Fire-Shade: [disconnects]1 The cult member makes the young boy feel as though he does care about his problems, and wants to make this boy's life better. Fire-Shade conveys his family as an entity not as many different individuals. After feeling alone for many years the only persuasion some individuals need is the assurance that they will be part of a society and accepted unconditionally. Cult members know what type of individuals feel most alienated and alone, says Dr.

Vero Moda Marketing mix

VERO MODA was one of the first brands to launch within the Bestseller family. Today VERO MODA is one of the largest brands in the company. The vision of the brand was to fulfill a need for good quality, on-trend clothing at affordable prices. VERO MODA is the brand of choice for the fashion-conscious, independent young woman who wants to dress well and pay less. Today, VERO MODA has more than 1,000 stores in Europe, 1,600 stores in China, and experience rapid growth in both India and Canada. VERO MODA is represented in almost 45 countries. Vero moda has two in-house labels that specialize in a certain type of apparel that is-Y.A.S- The core collection is founded in our eternal passion for luxurious fabrics, contemporary shapes, modern lines, and refined silhouettes. Y.A.S stays true to its ethos, which is a design approach centered on well-crafted, feminine collections with a touch of edge and understated coolness. Noisy May is a team of passionate individuals bound together by their love for fashion and true denim.SEGMENT- Young adults, young independent women, fashion conscious women. Between the age group of 18-35TARGET- It targets the upper middle class and high class; with annual income of 5 lakhs and above.THE FOUR P’sPRODUCT Vero Moda has apparel, accessories and shoes.Women’s wearVero moda caters to the fashion loving populace.Vero Moda clothes follow the current fashion trends and patterns. The silhouettes are very feminine, stylish and semi-formal. It doesn’t give a casual look rather a very prim and proper feminine look and feel. Premium quality fabrics are used giving the products a very luxurious feel. The colours used by the brands are sober and sophisticated and then again they have a section with bright feminine colours. The colour pattern is also tweaked from time to time according to the season’s trends. It offers a wide range of sizes catering to all- from an XS to a XL.Accessories & shoes The accessories include w allets, scarfs, earrings, neck pieces and rings. The accessories are again quite feminine and complement their apparel range. Scarfs use a lot of trendy prints. The wallets and shoes use a lot of leather and sequins- Keeping the target audience in mind this is very apt as a young fashionable working women need both to go with their professional and social life.PRICEVero moda has placed itself has a affordable fashion brand for young independent women.The price ranges from Rs 400 to Rs 6000. Since the brand is providing good quality and follows current fashion trends , their customers don’t mind paying that extra bit. Vero Moda has a very niche and sophisticated feel to it which is also reflected through it clothes. But it’s pricing strategy is such that it should target the young independent women who are willing to look good but at affordable prices. Women today are smart and aware and look for the best deals. Thus Vero moda is giving them high quality fashion at an a ffordable price and service. The strategy is that the price should come as a pleasant surprise to its customers.The competitor brands are Zara, Mango, Chemistry. Zara and Chemistry are similarly priced whereas Mango is priced at a higher level.PLACEThe brand targets the fashion conscious independent women and the upper middle class and high class.By Place it means the distribution channel a company follows. Maximum distribution of its products is direct. The brand owns independent stores. Off late they have set up sections in other departmental store that share a similar design philosophy. The brand is placed in a mall or high street which is frequently visited by the target audience. Vero Moda has not restricted itself only to high street or exclusive malls as it talks about affordability and reaching the masses.PROMOTIONAbove the line- Vero Moda doesn’t have much of above the line promotion. It doesn’t have tv or radio commercials. Though it does promote itself quite a bit through print media; especially in fashion magazines. For new collection Vero Moda prints out catalogues which are circulated to frequent customers and given to any visitor who comes to the store..Below the Line-Vero Moda has its own active website which is regularly updated. It also conducts online competitions and other promotional activity. The brand sends out regular mails to its valued customers always keeping them in the loop. Thus maintaining a good customer base and trying to create a brand loyalty for itself.One of the most striking promotional activities is the window displays done by the brand. Its out of the box, trendy and very attractive. It speaks smartness, class, chic, sophistication.During sales they have special window displays and holdings. This makes more and more people aware about their ongoing sale.SWOT ANALYSIS:STRENGTH- Fashionable and trendy Affordable pricing Good quality Spacious stores Strong brand image Brand awareness WEEKNESS Not enough promot ion ( tv commercials, endorsements, ) Repetition and can get monotonous Narrow target audience ( only young women)OPPORTUNITIES To broaden target audience ( menswear, children) More commoditiesTHREATS Competitor brands Global brands Brands with better promotional strategies Better offers and pricing strategies.

The Contribution of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux to Landscape Architecture

4)To what extent Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux have contributed to the professional pattern of Landscape Architecture. Both Frederick Law and Calvert Vaux are actively take parting in Landscape Architectural undertakings in the 19Thursdaycentury. Calvert Vaux was a immature Architect in the twelvemonth 1857. He collaborated with Frederick Law in the Central Park competition. Apart from landscape undertakings Vaux besides committed himself as an designer planing assorted houses that harmonises with nature. Frederick Law Olmsted being known as the â€Å"Founder of American Landscape Architecture every bit good as a well-known park designer† by the National Park Service. Frederick Law Olmsted started the being a Landscape Architecture after experimenting and seeking out many different calling Fieldss. From a correspondent, societal observer and husbandman. He had many involvements in his early life. In landscape architecture, Olmsted combined his ideas and involvements in rural life and conditions and ideas of independent glorification to make a new signifier of civil technology that non merely focuses on its map but every bit good as beauty. The Urbanization Olmsted seen on the route with its involvement in rural jobs shortly make him wanted to work as a Landscape Architect. As he was touring about in Britain in the 1850s, he visited England’s Birkenhead Park, which was an of import and a accelerator in embarking into the landscape calling way. In the twelvemonth 1858, the metropolis commissioners selected, out of the entire thirty-tree designs being submitted in the competition for the new park ( Central Park ) the one chosen â€Å"Greensward, † which was the coaction work of Frederick Law and Calvert Vaux. Central Park is the acknowledgment of this design through its important characteristics. It was besides one of the earliest illustrations of a park that is being referred as a well balance work of landscape architecture, every bit good as the first in any state to suggest broad loosen uping evidences which have the beauty of minimalist natural scenery as it met the qualities of complete enclosure by a tightly built metropolis. Central Park was a great success where both he and Vaux are able to closely towards each other. The usage of hills, trees and curve paseos created a signifier of tranquility and farness from the metropolis. Both Olmsted and Vaux besides formed a company and designed major Parkss in Brooklyn, Buffalo and more. Apart from the formed company, Olmsted besides founded his ain personal house in the 1883 which led him to travel his place to overhaul Boston and created â€Å"Fairsted† known as the world’s first professional office for the Landscape Design. Vaux and Olmsted so started a long partnership with each other where they form the landscape thoughts of the place that should be played in the life of metropoliss. But single inputs by each of them has ever been ill-defined. Some besides argued that Vaux must be taking in the undertaking as he is more experience in landscape architecture as compared to Olmsted, therefore there is no ground to misbelief Vaux’s design. Soon subsequently, the park’s governments had decided to do Olmsted the Head Architect with Vaux as an helper. Although Olmsted had a batch of enduring in the ulterior old ages in order to foreground Vaux of import function towards the design every bit good as the development of the Parkss, Vaux had ever felt that he did non had the celebrity that he should have. Apart from the Central park undertaking, Olmsted and Vaux besides collaborated in 1865 after the Civil War on what many referred as their most successful design The Brooklyn’s Prospect Park. Not merely that they besides designed several other Brooklyn Parkss which includes the Carroll Park in Carroll Gardens, Washington Park and the Parade Ground and Tompkins Square. Olmsted and Vaux besides created a new signifier of tract that is able to work out the job of inefficiency of Brooklyn’s Grid Street system. These landscaped pavings are used to link assorted different vicinities to different Parkss all around the queen’s boundary line. Olmsted crafted assorted illustrations of designs which the Position of Landscape Architecture is able to heighten the quality of life in America. These include big urban Parkss being devoted to the contact and engagement of the scenery and designed to defy and equilibrate out the bogusness of the metropolis and the emphasis of modern life. One of the most of import conveyances were the Private carriages a smooth route reserved for them that is able to link Parkss and spread the advantages of public green infinite around the metropolis. Olmsted and Vaux designed the park to be able to make ways and way for the walkers and passenger cars to bask and look up to the park without holding to rag each other. The design of the roads is considered extremist as it allows vehicular entree to drive through the park without being divided from the park’s experience. It provides an array of public installations for the occupants and scenic saving safeguarding countries of extraordinary landscape beauty from devastation every bit good as commercial utilizations. Garden / landscape design could better both consciousness every bit good as the self-reflections of residents. With an increasing figure in alfresco flats, it encourages out-of-door activities where the garden infinite is a specified preparation land for the citizens populating around it. Governmental edifices would hold been more efficient and do understand the importance of planning. Olmsted’s design attack showed the complexness of his perceptual experience and even paid attending to the slightest inside informations for a occupant in harmonising green-space. Olmsted understands the concluding behind his landscape work which is capable of impacting the emotions of others. This was rather noticeable throughout his park designs, where he designed the pavings of the scenery such that the visitants would be saturated. Able to see the healing action of the landscape as what Olmsted would depict it as â€Å"Unconscious† procedure. In order to accomplish this result, he overpowered all the elements of the design in doing the land-art contacts more elusive. Olmsted ever wanted to believe in front of the current tendencies and actions and being able to deduce his designs based on the of import rules of human psychological science. In item, he cross referenced from the analysis of earlier British Sophist of tough-minded landscape and their attending towards the particular qualities of composing and attractive scenery. The kernel of agricultural landscape was the English cervid park, making an emotion of an hypertrophied infinite and its finely inflected land and smooth, a cropped lawn. He was able to gain that this manner is known as his particular expression to bring around the bad effects of an modern life. The â€Å"Picturesque† manner was being used in deep and worn out terrain, and followed by seting with a thick bed of different land screens, bushs and etc. This finally will ensue in a idea of charitableness, outpouring and secretiveness. His utmost experience of this consequence was on the Isthmus of Panama as he was go throughing through a journey to California. Where both signifiers includes the qualities of infinitude, and the deficit of remarkable objects for a item geographic expedition. As Olmsted defined it, the term â€Å"scenery† is ne'er applied to vision of any field that is seen as consecutive forward. Hence it should hold a degree of complexness in its forms and visuals closer towards the oculus, unimportant inside informations when looked farther off. These characters were of import for the unknown gesture of the scenery in head. They were besides an of import component to his design as practicing benchmarks for keen apprehension. The criterion of elegance that includes a mixture, complexness and a all right series of surfaces, colorss and tones were of import to Olmsted creative and cultivating intent. Although the site that Olmsted favoured needs a at least a rainfall in order to accomplish its result, he understood that bulk of the United States does hold a different conditions. Following that he sets out to develop a distinguishable landscape technique for the South, while in the West it requires a water-conserving technique. He applied the techniques of this attack with six undertakings in the San Francisco Bay and Colorado. During Olmsted calling, he and his house completed out over 500 commissioned undertakings. Which includes 100 Parkss and diversion countries, with over 200 private estates every bit good as legion residential undertakings and campus design for a smattering of academic establishments. Olmsted himself is a originative interior decorator, even though he had problem with showing his thoughts in words. With about six thousand letters were still about till this yearss, With its treatment with 300 design committees. And at times he paid for the publications every bit good as public distribution of these letters which includes his experience in journeys and several paperss by the United States committee. Calvert Vaux who is besides one of America’s well-known designer / Landscape designer. He besides shaped some of America’s most outstanding landscape during the 19Thursdaycentury. He worked with celebrated landscape figures such as Andrew Jackson Downing and subsequently with Frederick Olmsted, and therefore Vaux’s manner on the landscape architecture was ignored in the 20Thursdaycentury. Vaux was an optimist who worked difficult throughout his calling and life to better the life conditions of the lower category and promoted art instruction for all. Calvert Vaux had been successful in Architecture before the age of 24, where he came to America and met Downing. And after the sudden decease of toss offing in the 1854, the undertaking of planing the evidences of the capitol and the Smithsonian Intuition has yet been completed in America. In Vaux private life, he was a adult male of remarkable pureness, kindness and trustworthy. Although he lacked of socialising accomplishments, which was able to let him to hold a better place. But he still had many achievements and pattern of the best type. The calling of Vaux was an animating one for those immature creative persons who are fighting every bit good as citizens who are laboring and working in civic and small town betterments. Although the 1870s were Vaux’s most productive old ages but he latter shortly found out that his High Victorian Gothic Style against the lifting popularity of Neoclassical manner had shortly made his worked looked dull and outdated. Even though he won the undertakings with the High Victorian designer, for the American Museum of History every bit good as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and constructing the first phase of each of them, he shortly lost the undertakings for go oning the ulterior parts, due to the multiple reappraisals that the edifices had. His ability to win over big undertakings shortly beads, and he turned to planing Lodge houses and other good edifices for the Children’s Aid Society located over in New York City. Apart from that he besides devoted his last few old ages of life in concentrating undertakings on the New York Public Parks as landscape designer, which led him to plan several little Parkss throughout the metropolis and besides being able to go on his work on the Central Park. At his decease during 1895, Vaux did non take the function in the developments of architecture in America but he had left a long and unforgotten undertakings. In their late eightiess both Frederick Olmsted and Vaux collaborated with each other on Particular undertakings such as supplying free design service to the metropolis of Newburgh ( New York ) where they construct a park in memory of Andrew Jacks. Their concluding coaction concerns the Niagara Reservation. An country the province of New York bought as to forestall any signifier of commercial development which will compromise the scenery. Both Olmsted and Vaux composed their programs that would resuscitate the Niagara’s dramatic sceneries doing it accessible to tourist. In decision I think that both Landscape Architects did manner beyond their portion in the professional pattern of Landscape Architecture as they were really sensitive towards minor inside informations such as the landform, clime alterations, materials/surfaces and the ideas / activities of the people. They did non pretermit other points in its design such as transit in which are widely used boulder clay this twenty-four hours where they are able to plunge themselves in to the landscape, instead than being separated and divided. They besides tried to do roads and way efficient for both walkers every bit good as vehicles. And the landscapes that both work forces design had particular qualities in them where it’s designed towards tranquil and peaceable emotions. These psychological design qualities are a immense advantage towards the users in footings of de-stressing themselves and being able to look up to the elegant sceneries.

Answer to Common Hot Ice Questions

Answer to Common Hot Ice Questions Several of you have written in asking for help with your homemade hot ice or sodium acetate. Here are the answers to the most common hot ice questions as well as advice on how to fix the usual problems making hot ice. What Is hot ice? Hot ice is a common name for sodium acetate trihydrate. How Do I Make Hot Ice? You can make hot ice yourself from baking soda and clear vinegar. Ive got written instructions and a video tutorial to show you how to do it. In the lab, you could make hot ice from sodium bicarbonate and weak acetic acid (1 L 6% acetic acid, 84 grams sodium bicarbonate) or from acetic acid and sodium hydroxide (dangerous! 60 ml water, 60 ml glacial acetic acid, 40 g sodium hydroxide). The mixture is boiled down and prepared the same as the homemade version. You can also buy sodium acetate (or sodium acetate anhydrous) and sodium acetate trihydrate. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be melted and used as-is. Convert sodium acetate anhydrous to sodium acetate trihydrate by dissolving it in water and cooking it down to remove the excess water. Can I Substitute Baking Powder for the Baking Soda? No. Baking powder contains other chemicals which would act as impurities in this procedure and prevent the hot ice from working. Can I Use Another Type of Vinegar? No. There are impurities in other types of vinegar which would prevent the hot ice from crystallizing. You could use dilute acetic acid instead of vinegar. I Cant Get the Hot Ice to Solidify. What Can I Do? You dont have to start from scratch! Take your failed hot ice solution (wont solidify or else is mushy) and add some vinegar to it. Heat the hot ice solution until the crystal skin forms, immediately remove it from heat, cool it at least down to room temperature, and initiate crystallization by adding a small quantity of the crystals that formed on the side of your pan (sodium acetate anhydrous). Another way to initiate crystallization is to add a small amount of baking soda, but if you do that you will contaminate your hot ice with sodium bicarbonate. Its still a handy way to cause crystallization if you dont have any sodium acetate crystals handy, plus you can remedy the contamination by adding a small volume of vinegar afterward. Can I Re-Use the Hot Ice? Yes, you can re-use hot ice. You can melt it on the stove to use it again or you can microwave the hot ice. Can I Eat Hot Ice? Technically you can, but I wouldnt recommend it. It is not toxic, but it is not edible. You Show Glass and Metal Containers. Can I Use Plastic? Yes, you can. I used metal and glass because I melted the hot ice on the stove. You could melt the hot ice in a microwave using a plastic container. Are Containers Used to Make Hot Ice Safe to Use for Food? Yes. Wash the containers and they will be perfectly safe to use for food. My Hot Ice Is Yellow or Brown. How Do I Get Clear/White Hot Ice? Yellow or brown hot ice works... it just doesnt look that much like ice. The discoloration has two causes. One is overheating your hot ice solution. You can prevent this type of discoloration by lowering the temperature when you heated the hot ice to remove the excess water. The other cause of discoloration is the presence of impurities. Improving the quality of your baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and acetic acid (from the vinegar) will help prevent discoloration. I made my hot ice using the least expensive baking soda and vinegar I could buy and managed to get white hot ice, but only after I lowered my heating temperature, so its possible to get decent purity with kitchen ingredients.

16 Misquoted Quotations

16 Misquoted Quotations 16 Misquoted Quotations 16 Misquoted Quotations By Mark Nichol Many quotations attributed to famous people are at best paraphrases though often superior to the original. Others might be subtly altered in the retelling, sometimes with little impact on their effect, at other times irresponsibly changing the meaning. Here is a selection of well-known sayings or writings that aren’t quite accurate (followed by a couple that are but are mistakenly identified as erroneous): 1. â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world.† This quotation attributed to Gandhi is a later invention by an unknown person, likely inspired by the following passage: â€Å"As a man changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards him. . . . We need not wait to see what others do.† 2. â€Å"First they ignore you. Then they laugh at you. Then they attack you. Then you win.† Gandhi was also credited with this pithy progression, but something like it was actually uttered in a speech at a union meeting in the United States in 1914: â€Å"First they ignore you. Then they ridicule you. And then they attack you and want to burn you. And then they build monuments to you.† 3. â€Å"Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.† This is an amended version of a line by playwright William Congreve, who flourished around the turn of the eighteenth century. The actual comment is â€Å"Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned / Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.† 4. â€Å"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.† As with many of these lines, the person to whom it is attributed in this case, Voltaire, perhaps would have wished he had been so eloquent. This ringing pronouncement, however, derives not from the French philosopher’s own pen, but from an early-twentieth-century biography of him. 5. â€Å"Methinks the lady doth protest too much.† This is a slightly recast alteration of Queen Gertrude’s response to Hamlet’s query about how his mother likes the play he has, unbeknownst to her, scripted to prompt a guilty reaction from her and King Claudius, who Hamlet believes conspired to murder his father. She is saying that the character of the queen is trying too hard to appear innocent. The original, no better or worse merely measured differently is â€Å"The lady doth protest too much, methinks.† 6. â€Å"Money is the root of all evil.† This alteration of a biblical verse, by omitting a vital element of the original, changes the meaning significantly. The verse actually reads, â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil.† 7. â€Å"Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely.† This misquotation lacks the equivocation of British historian Lord Action’s actual statement, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely† and omits the blunt next sentence: â€Å"Great men are almost always bad men.† 8. â€Å"Music hath charms to soothe the savage beast.† The actual quote, from the same play from which the line in the third entry above is taken, is â€Å"Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast.† The next line, elaborating on the theme, is â€Å"To soften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak.† 9. â€Å"Nice guys finish last.† Legendary baseball manager Leo Durocher wasn’t making a blanket statement when he uttered these four words. They are a contracted repetition of his assessment of a baseball team’s prospects for the season. The entire quotation is â€Å"All nice guys. They’ll finish last. Nice guys finish last.† 10. â€Å"No rest for the wicked.† This line, uttered jocularly by a busy person, perhaps as an excuse for departing, is probably inspired by the biblical verse â€Å"There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.† 11. â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent.† These first few words of Shakespeare’s Richard III are often expressed to mean â€Å"The present time is the winter of our discontent.† What the titular character means, however, is made clear by including the second part of the statement, which demonstrates that the phrase is merely a preface to the counterpoint of a reference to better times: â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun of York.† 12. â€Å"Pride comes before a fall.† This is a contracted version of the biblical verse â€Å"Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall.† 13. â€Å"Reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated.† Mark Twain’s actual comment is more straightforward: â€Å"The report of my death is an exaggeration.† In addition, the statement is in reference not to a prematurely printed obituary but to a reporter’s inquiry about his health. 14. â€Å"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.† This quotation is a vast improvement over this vaguely similar statement by Irish-born British statesman Edmund Burke: â€Å"When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle.† 15. â€Å"Theirs but to do or die.† The legendary phrase from Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† has a subtly but significantly different penultimate word. The entire line reads, â€Å"Theirs not to reason why / Theirs but to do and die.† 16. â€Å"Water, water everywhere, and not a drop to drink.† The line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner† has been tidied up a bit. The original is â€Å"Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink.† Two other well-known statements considered to be misquotes are actually later versions of lesser-known comments. Winston Churchill’s phrase â€Å"Blood, sweat, and tears,† widely believed to be an erroneous version of â€Å"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat,† is actually a more concise and euphonious update of the more extended form. By the same token, â€Å"I laughed all the way to the bank† is an alleged misquotation (and misunderstanding of Liberace’s quip â€Å"I cried all the way to the bank,† but he actually did use laughed in response to a poor review of a financially successful concert of his. When he later won a lawsuit with compensation stemming from a newspaper’s veiled contention that he was gay (the nerve!), he altered the earlier utterance with a change of verb to reply to a query about whether the accusation made him distraught. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingThe Possessive ApostropheCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

The Olmec Royal Compound at La Venta

The Olmec Royal Compound at La Venta The Olmec Royal Compound at La Venta: La Venta was a great Olmec city which thrived in the present-day Mexican State of Tabasco from around 1000 to 400 B.C. The city was built on a ridge, and on top of that ridge are several important buildings and complexes. Taken together, these make up the â€Å"Royal Compound† of La Venta, an extremely important ceremonial site. The Olmec Civilization: The Olmec culture is the earliest of the great Mesoamerican civilizations and is considered by many to be the mother culture of later peoples such as the Maya and the Aztecs. The Olmecs are associated with several archaeological sites, but two of their cities are considered more important than the others: San Lorenzo and La Venta. Both of these city names are modern, as the original names of these cities have been lost. The Olmecs had a complex cosmos and religion.a including a pantheon of several gods. They also had long-distance trade routes and were extremely talented artists and sculptors. With the fall of La Venta around 400 B.C. the Olmec culture collapsed, succeeded by the epi-Olmec. La Venta: La Venta was the greatest city of its day. Although there were other cultures in Mesoamerica at the time La Venta was at its apex, no other city could compare in size, influence or grandeur. A powerful ruling class could command thousands of workers for public works tasks, such as bringing huge blocks of stone many miles to be carved at Olmec workshops in the city. Priests managed the communications between this world and the supernatural planes of the gods and many thousands of common people labored in the farms and rivers to feed the growing empire. At its height, La Venta was home to thousands of people and directly controlled an area of around 200 hectares – its influence reached much further. The Great Pyramid – Complex C: La Venta is dominated by Complex C, also called the Great Pyramid. Complex C is a conical construction, made of clay, which was once a more clearly defined pyramid. It stands about 30 meters (100 feet) high and has a diameter of about 120 meters (400 feet) It is man-made of nearly 100,000 cubic meters (3.5 million cubic feet) of earth, which must have taken thousands of man-hours to accomplish, and it is the highest point of La Venta. Unfortunately, part of the top of the mound was destroyed by nearby oil operations in the 1960’s. The Olmec considered mountains sacred, and since there are no mountains nearby, it is thought by some researchers that Complex C was created to stand-in for a sacred mountain in religious ceremonies. Four stelae located at the base of the mound, with â€Å"mountain faces† on them, seem to bear out this theory (Grove). Complex A: Complex A, located at the base of the Great Pyramid to the north, is one of the most important Olmec sites ever discovered. Complex A was a religious and ceremonial complex and served as a royal necropolis as well. Complex A is home to a series of small mounds and walls, but it is what is underground that is most interesting. Five massive offerings have been found in Complex A: these are large pits which were dug out and then filled with stones, colored clay and mosaics. Many smaller offerings have been found as well, including figurines, celts, masks, jewelry and other Olmec treasures given to the gods. Five tombs have been found in the complex, and although the bodies of the occupants decomposed long ago, important objects have been found there. To the north, Complex A was guarded by three colossal heads, and several sculptures and stelae of note have been found in the complex. Complex B: To the south of the Great Pyramid, Complex B is a large plaza (referred to as Plaza B) and a series of four smaller mounds. This airy, open area was most likely a place for the Olmec people to gather to witness ceremonies that took place on or near the pyramid. Several noteworthy sculptures were found in Complex B, including a colossal head and three Olmec-style sculpted thrones. The Stirling Acropolis: The Stirling Acropolis is a massive earthen platform which dominates the eastern side of Complex B. On top are two small, circular mounds and two long, parallel mounds that some believe may be an early ballcourt. Many fragments of broken statues and monuments as well as a drainage system and basalt columns have been found in the acropolis, leading to speculation that it may have once been the royal palace where the ruler of La Venta and his family resided. It is named for American archaeologist Matthew Stirling (1896-1975) who did a great deal of important work at La Venta. Importance of the La Venta Royal Compound: The Royal Compound of La Venta is the most important section of one of the four most important Olmec sites located and excavated to date. The discoveries made there - in particular at Complex A - have changed the way we see the Ancient Olmec culture. The Olmec civilization, in turn, is very important to the study of Mesoamerican cultures. The Olmec civilization is important in that it developed independently: in the region, there are no major cultures that came before them to influence their religion, culture, etc. Societies like the Olmec, which developed on their own, are referred to as pristine civilizations and there are very few of them. There may yet be even more discoveries to make in the royal compound. Magnetometer readings of Complex C indicate there is something in there, but it has not yet been excavated. Other digs in the area may reveal more sculptures or offerings. The royal compound may yet have secrets to divulge. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993. Gonzalez Tauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A: La Venta, Tabasco Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). p. 49-54.

Save students money Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Save students money - Assignment Example The author believes that such a change, if brought about would be potentially disastrous as it would lead to printed textbooks becoming obsolete. In my opinion, such a change is unfavorable for students as using e-books would be inconvenient for them and for some, would be more expensive then purchasing textbooks. The proponents of introduction of e-books as required reading in colleges and universities include the college officials and some important textbook companies such as McGraw Hill and John Wiley and sons, amongst others, as Jeffrey Young points out in this article. These parties propose including a fixed mandatory fee per course in the tuition fee for providing the e-books to the students. Some of the colleges such the Daytona State College have already adopted this change while others like Indiana University are still in the experimental phase. The college officials believe that e-books would be cheaper for the students, if they are purchased in bulk by the college and prov ided to the students at a subsidized rate. Moreover, the publishing industry believes that such a change would help in reducing the rates of digital piracy. Thus, such a collaboration is thought to benefit all parties, viz. the students, the colleges and the publishing companies.

Data Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Data Security - Essay Example In case, the server is online, it transmits that signal straight back to the computer, letting us enjoy secure communications. Both the computer and the server send out heartbeats during regular intervals to ensure that both the user and the server i.e. the service aren’t offline (Kerner 2014). Heartbleed exploits this â€Å"heartbeat† by sending out, a kind of heartbeat signal to servers that is malicious in nature. That malicious heartbeat more or less tricks the server into sending a random amount of its memory to the user who sent the malicious heartbeat. A random collection of email addresses, usernames and passwords can be enclosed in that memory. Some of those records troublingly, could belong to the company running that server. This affords hackers with a method of infiltrating and exploiting information across the Internet. The Shellshock issue is a sample of ACE (arbitrary code execution) vulnerability. Classically, ACE vulnerability attacks are carried out on running programs and entail an extremely advanced understanding of the internals of assembly language, code execution and memory layout—the kind of attack that calls for an expert, to be concise (Sampathkumar, Balasubramani 2014). The attacker employed an ACE vulnerability to run a program granting them an easy way of dominating the targeted machine. This is accomplished by means of running a "shell". A shell is a command-line where commands can be executed or entered. The Shellshock vulnerability is a big concern since it eliminates the necessity for specialized knowledge and in turn offers a simple (unfortunately, very basic) means of taking control of another computer or even a web server to make it run code. The attack seemingly looked to have been triggered by a malicious computer code referred to as malware, according to people familiar with such matters. Some people suggested, a probable Russian or

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Term paper - Essay Example In addition, industrial hazards vary depending on the nature of the work environment and outcomes of work performed. Industrial hazards include fire and explosion, biologic hazards, ionizing radiation, heat stress, chemical exposure, electrical hazards, oxygen deficiency, noise, safety hazards, and cold exposure. These hazards among other incidents or situations in the contemporary industrial sector require the skill of an industrial hygienist. Furthermore, events such as the anthrax scares, terrorist attacks, and the potential use of â€Å"dirty bombs† enhance the importance for the awareness on the principles of industrial hygiene. The framework or main principles of industrial hygiene and toxicology include recognition, anticipation, control, and evaluation of workplace hazards. As such, an industrial hygienist must take into consideration these principles to ensure safety and health in the workplace. This paper will discuss ionizing radiation, a physical agent in industria l work environment. It will also discuss its effects on exposure, control, principles, and regulations. Ionizing radiation constitutes particles that hold sufficient energy to free an electron from a molecule or atom, thus ionizing it. This radiation is produced through nuclear reactions, natural or artificial, and by extremely high temperature. Ionizing radiation is also generated through high-energy particle production using particle accelerators, nuclear decay, or charged particles acceleration through electromagnetic fields created by innate processes such as supernova explosions and lighting (Wilson para.10). As such, natural sources of ionizing radiation include the supernova explosions, lightning, the sun, and artificial sources that include x-ray tubes, particle accelerators and nuclear reactors. Ionizing radiations includes x-rays, gamma, beta, alpha, and cosmic rays. There are three harmful radiation emitted by radioactive materials, which

Non-Sovereign small islands in the international economy Essay

Non-Sovereign small islands in the international economy - Essay Example Generally speaking, the OFCs were accused in undermining the stability and inviolability of the global financial system. To manage the situation, a group of initiatives were taken by the Financial Stability Forum, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union and the Financial Action Task Force (Woodward 686). In addition to the development of small islands as offshore financial centres, there are some other examples of cases when many small islands have exceeded in small-scale, high-value service and product-niching in various fields of economic activities, including: finance and banking, brokerage, tourism and hospitality (Baldacchino 254). This paper is focused on the research the small islands, performing an important role in the international economy and on the global arena. The more detailed analysis is carried out for the British Isle’s Crown dependencies: the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands o f Jersey and Guernsey, as well the Prince Edward Island. The Financial Services Sector: the Isle of man, the Channel Islands and New "Havens"Among Developing Small Islands There are many various definitions of the offshore, which is the evidence of the challenges which many scholars and economists face in attempt to explain this concept precisely. For example, Palan defines the offshore as a â€Å"special territorial or juridical enclave†, in which regulation or taxation in the state is either partially or fully withheld (cited by Payne 627-628). While significant stress in the definition of the offshore falls on the territorial dimension, juridical properties is what really matters. Richard Woodward clarifies this view by the statement: â€Å"offshore is a legal as well as physical domain; where an activity takes place is secondary to the rules under which it takes place† (cited by Payne 628). Even though there are some slight variations in definitions, offshore finan cial centres have a set of common characteristics. The offshore financial centers can be characterized by the following attributes: minimal taxes or tax free; bank anonymity and secrecy laws at a high level, a high number of financial institutions, which serve mainly non-residents; flexibility of use of various company structures, the proportions of financial systems are exceeding needs of the domestic economy, light financial regulation (Levin 2), protection of the secrecy of transactions and few or no restrictions of financial transactions (Palan 155). The most successful OFCs are characterized also by stable economic and political climate, support from of a large international financial market, money laundering or drug money scandals free, availability of agreements for avoiding double-taxation with major countries, and are easily reached due to established information-exchange facilities (Palan 156). Referring back to the last item, many OFCs are developing laws and investing in telecommunications for attracting e-commerce providers (Levin 5). Obviously, telecommunications and IT is a very important factor that enables OFCs to respond to the needs of their customers and operatively react to external changes. Financial centres can be distinguished by many different ways. Thus, for example, International Monetary Fund (n.p.) has developed its own way of differentiation of the financial centers by splitting those into three categories: 1. International financial centres (IFCs) – are large internation

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example disadvantages of this form of business relates to the difficulty to raise capital and lack of continuity in situations when the owner is absent (Canada-Saskatchewan Business Service Centre, 2011). The other form of business is a partnership, which is commenced by a minimum of two or more individual, who owns and manages the business. The partners share unlimited liabilities of the business, and they run the business together. Some of its advantages relate to the ease of raising capital, and partners are jointly responsible for obligations of the business. However, the business has some disadvantages, which relates to the slow decision making and there is a chance of dispute occurring resulting to dissolution of the business. A corporation is a limited liability business owned by multiple shareholders, who elect the board of directors to run the business. The business is distinct from the owner and they are able to borrow money and sign contracts pay taxes and be sued, while profit is gained from the dividends or appreciation of stock, but they are not liable for the company obligations. Therefore, some of the advantages associated with this business relates to the ability to raise funds through sales of stock, while the shareholders are able to transfer their ownership easily by selling stock. The owner has limited liability; thus, it only covers the value of stock in the corporations. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages relate to the restrictions due to regulations and monitoring by government agencies, thus making it more costly to incorporate compared to other forms of organizations. The profit is taxed by the corporate tax rate, and shareholders’ dividends are not deductible from the corporate income. The limited liability companies are simple, and their liability is limited, thus is allows the entrepreneurs to keep their own assets and finances separate from the business. One of the advantages of the limited liability companies is offering

Economy and Nightlife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economy and Nightlife - Essay Example Today, we can witness a number of changes and growing trends that characterize the economies of varied countries. Globalization and the growth of industries have led to a new culture of sorts---the infusion of night-life and the MNC culture in various countries, especially the developing nations that are growing accustomed to these changes. This cultural change has brought about an impact on the economy and the market conditions, as well. This paper strives to highlight this new phenomenon and links nightlife to the growth of the economy. The blossoming of 'night-life' and such other related phenomenon took place in the 1980s, when companies began looking for across-the-border initiatives and began perceiving the whole world as a global village. Let us analyse the causes for the growth of night-life, in order to comprehend its importance and how it has been an instrument of change in affecting the economy. Firstly, the changing structures of the cities contributed immensely to the linear setting up of producers and consumers. For instance, the central market areas of cities were cleared and shifted to other regions, which led to a change in not only the physical structure, but also in the culture of the cities. " Later on, this led to the capital construction and restructuring of cities, that paved way for greater potential. Hanging on in many cities in the mid-1970s the central business districts (CBDs) represented a fixed capital that companies were extremely reluctant to write off. This was not just in terms of buildings but also of land." (Harvey, 1985a; 1989). Secondly, growing competition among various cities to create a mark and an image for themselves, not only on the national level, but also in t he newly found global market led to a number of changes. In addition it created tensions within the local polity as planners trained to deal with the city as a system of objective factors (Hall, 1988) were faced with notions of urban cultures and spaces that few were equipped to deal with. Thirdly, the boom in consumption and the growth of the importance of consumerism led to this new culture. The cities oriented themselves in terms fo consumption and not production, which led to a new lease of cultural milieu. In the 1980s the (unevenly) revalorized city centre emerged as a new landscape of buildings, enterprises and signs concerned with the organisation and exploitation of consumption. This economy of consumption (distribution and marketing), unlike the economy of the production and exchange of goods (manufacturing and trade) had a much looser relationship to the local area. [Cities and the Night-time Economy, ANDY LOVATT & JUSTIN O'CONNOR]. Finally, the newly emergent culture as a result

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example disadvantages of this form of business relates to the difficulty to raise capital and lack of continuity in situations when the owner is absent (Canada-Saskatchewan Business Service Centre, 2011). The other form of business is a partnership, which is commenced by a minimum of two or more individual, who owns and manages the business. The partners share unlimited liabilities of the business, and they run the business together. Some of its advantages relate to the ease of raising capital, and partners are jointly responsible for obligations of the business. However, the business has some disadvantages, which relates to the slow decision making and there is a chance of dispute occurring resulting to dissolution of the business. A corporation is a limited liability business owned by multiple shareholders, who elect the board of directors to run the business. The business is distinct from the owner and they are able to borrow money and sign contracts pay taxes and be sued, while profit is gained from the dividends or appreciation of stock, but they are not liable for the company obligations. Therefore, some of the advantages associated with this business relates to the ability to raise funds through sales of stock, while the shareholders are able to transfer their ownership easily by selling stock. The owner has limited liability; thus, it only covers the value of stock in the corporations. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages relate to the restrictions due to regulations and monitoring by government agencies, thus making it more costly to incorporate compared to other forms of organizations. The profit is taxed by the corporate tax rate, and shareholders’ dividends are not deductible from the corporate income. The limited liability companies are simple, and their liability is limited, thus is allows the entrepreneurs to keep their own assets and finances separate from the business. One of the advantages of the limited liability companies is offering

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation Essay

Pharmacy application - Letter of Recommendation - Essay Example Toan-Thang works well independently and always takes the initiative to research information on his patients disease processes. In the clinic, his presentations are organized, clear and concise. He shows great confidence and poise. His technical skills are complete and accurate, including all the necessary information for the task. Toan-Thang also exhibits an outstanding patient care manner. He is courteous and empathetic as he gives patients’ need priority. He quickly gains the trust of his patients and gives them the best care possible. In summary, Toan-Thangs work ethics are outstanding and he is a true leader amongst his peers. He has an extensive and well applied knowledge of disease pathphysiology and therapy management. He is well disciplined, punctual, efficient, professional and courteous. His clinical skills and analytical skills are outstanding, plus he shows great clinical judgment on every level of care. With these attribute characteristics, I strongly believe he would be a great pharmacist. I hope your program would give him a chance to reach his goal. I highly recommend Toan-Thang Vo without reservation to your pharmacy

Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Nonverbal Communication Essay Abstract The goal of this study was to find out if teachers were teaching nonverbal communication in their classroom, and also if it was important to teach nonverbal communication in the classroom. Teachers have a variety of teaching styles, and techniques. Some teachers using nonverbals and some do not. However, sometimes class size, classification levels, and gender can cause teachers to either use nonverbal communication or not. The participants of this study were asked whether or not their teacher use different types of nonverbal communication in the classroom setting. The study found that students said most teachers in their classes use nonverbal communication to teach. This study also provides support of the importance nonverbal communication has when teaching. Nonverbal communication in the classroom: A research about the importance of teaching nonverbal communication Communication in general is the process of sending and receiving messages that enables humans to share knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Although we usually identify communication with speech, communication is composed of two dimensions, which are verbal and nonverbal. Nonverbal communication has been defined as communication, but just without any words. Communicating is not something we can just do without, nonverbal communication especially considering it can never be shut off, unlike verbal communication we are always communicating nonverbally. One cannot not communicate. Nonverbal communication is always around you and impossible to ignore. Research, in many studies, has indicated that nonverbal communication can serve a wide range of functions in human interaction. Nonverbal communication is an essential part of every day life. No matter if at work, school, or even at home, nonverbal communication plays a huge role in life. As Blatner (2002) says, â€Å"Often people cannot understand the impact of nonverbal communications involved in a situation unless it is replayed and figured out† (pg.3). Teachers need to be practicing and teaching nonverbal communication in the classroom everyday, and that by doing so students will become much better communicators. Nonverbal communication strategies are important to the development of an effective educational system. Nonverbal communication should be practiced in more classes than just communication classes, because no matter what major of study you are in communication is always going to be an essential thing to know. Many social scientists have conducted research in the field of nonverbal communication as it affects students and educators. Ritchie (1977) found that seven percent of communication is nonverbal. Voice inflection accounts for 38% of the message, and facial expression, including body language, communicates 55% of the message. Speer (1972) states that because 90% of the total impact of a message can come from nonverbal elements, sharpening nonverbal communication skills cannot help but make a person a better communicator. So why are not all teachers using this method of teaching in the classroom setting? That is one of the questions I would like to answer in my research. This paper will work to determine if nonverbal communication is essential to be taught in the classroom and the importance of the teaching of nonverbal communication. Literature Review Research has been investigated, by many different scholarly researchers, about nonverbal communication and the importance of why it should be taught to students in their learning career. Nonverbal communication can be defined as signing, symbols, colors, gestures, rhythms, and much more. Those are just a few examples that will be discussed (Ritchie 1977). Speer (1972) believes that it is important to know all the different ways to communicate nonverbally and explains all of those ways in the book. Speer (1972) also emphasizes on the fact that in order to communicate, you must first know what nonverbal communication actually is. Pilner, Alloway, Krames (1974) however compare how humans and animals communicate differently nonverbally and the importance of knowing the different ways, and they also point out how humans and animals can communicate very similarly nonverbally as well. Ethology is the way of studying behavior amongst people. Weitz (1974) refers to ethology as a way to condu ct research, knowing how to study different peoples behavior is essential to know before observing how people act. Visual interactions are also ways of studying nonverbal communication in the classroom, according to Weitz (1974). According to Molcho (1985), nonverbal communication is critical in the classroom setting, especially in interpersonal communication. The most credible messages teachers generate are said to be nonverbal. Duggan (2012) discusses all of the different nonverbal cues and why they are important. For example, he states the importance of facial expressions, gestures, and appearance. Along the same lines Carli (1995), Mayo Henley (1981) and Thompson (2012) have different articles about differences between men and women and the different thoughts they have on nonverbal communication. He also discusses different research scenarios in which research has been conducted to prove the importance of nonverbal communication, and why men and women communicate differently sometimes. Area of Study Nonverbal communication plays a huge role in the classroom, and how teachers should be using nonverbal communication. (Pliner 1974) This paper is a research intended to help understand why nonverbal communication is so important in teaching, and what those importance’s are. Teachers should be using nonverbal communication everyday, in every course no matter what the major of study is. I want to research to see if teachers are using nonverbal communication skills in the classroom environment, and if so how they are using them. My hypothesis is that yes I believe teachers are using nonverbal communication as a way of teaching in their classroom. If the answer is no however, I will research why teachers are not using nonverbal communication in their every day teaching techniques, and if there are reasons behind why they are not using it. I will conduct surveys in class to see if students believe teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication, and if they believe it is important to be learning about. I would ask, does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? For instance, is nonverbal communication important in the classroom setting, whether it be how the teacher dresses, lectures, stands, etc. I also want to find out if teachers are teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students. Are students gaining enough knowledge about nonverbal communication while in the classroom setting? Also, I would like to find out, what is the importance of nonverbal communication. Why should we study this and why do we need to learn this study for our whole careers. Finally, what would a classroom setting be like with zero nonverbal communication? This consists of no eye contact, appearance codes, gesture, or any other kind of nonverbal communication behavior. The following research questions and hypotheses guide the current study: H1: Students believe teachers are using nonverbal communication to communicate with them on a daily basis. H2: There is no difference between what males believe teachers use in the classroom and what females believe. H3: All ages believe the same thing when it comes to how often their teachers communicate nonverbally and how they are communicating this way. RQ1: Does nonverbal communication play a role in the classroom? RQ2: Are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? Methodology Instrument I used the convenience type sampling method. (see appendix A) This is a nonrandom type sampling; in which I used volunteers in my class to take my survey. The survey contained nine questions. Participants were asked nine questions about how their teachers use different nonverbal communication skills to communicate with them. The students were asked to mark yes or no depending on if the teacher used those certain styles of nonverbals while teaching, Students were also asked some demographic questions: sex, classification, and age. I used evidence by Wilmont (1995), about research of nonverbal communication to come up with my research questions. I developed my questions very carefully before choosing what the right questions were to ask. I thought about questions that could be useful to my research and that would help me develop the results I needed in order to prove or disprove my topic. I choose questions that wouldn’t be offensive to anyone, so that everyone could participate . I was trying to find out the significance of nonverbal communication being used and taught in the classroom setting. Participants I had twenty-five students in my research communication class participate in my survey. There were fourteen males and eleven females who participated, however gender doesn’t have much of an affect on my research. The ages for my survey ranged from nineteen to twenty-three years old. All of the students who took my survey were in some kind of communication field. I conducted my survey and distributed it during our class hour, along with everyone else. I distributed my surveys on Thursday October 18th, 2012. I distributed my survey to each member in the class in a row order. I simply passed my survey out row by row to each class member, and when everyone received my survey they began taking it. When the class was done taking my survey they proceeded to the front of the classroom and put my surveys in a pile for me to pick up. I then took a look at all of my results later that night. I made an excel document and went through each individual paper and recorded my results in to excel. I recorded the number of females and males, class rank, and also the answers to my yes and no questions. Results The first hypothesis was concerned with if students believed teachers were using nonverbal communication with them to teach on a daily basis. The hypothesis inferred that students did believe teachers were using nonverbal communication on a daily basis to communicate with them. . This hypothesis was supported. All students answered yes to at least some type of nonverbal communication. The second hypothesis looked at the sex of the students. This hypothesis inferred that the sex of the student was not significant for this survey. This hypothesis was supported. Sex was not significant in the research. Males and females answered mostly the same for every question in the survey. The third hypothesis looked at age of the students. This hypothesis stated that age was not significant in the survey. This hypothesis was supported. After recording all the results, age was not a factor. All of the students came up with mostly the same answers no matter their age. Research question one asked if nonverbal communication played a role in the classroom setting. From my survey, students believed that yes, nonverbal communication does in fact play a role in the classroom, and the survey also showed that numerous amounts of different types of nonverbal communication are being used every day in the classroom setting. Research question number two asked, are teachers teaching enough about nonverbal communication to their students? The question was answered yes by every single student. Students believe that yes there is enough nonverbal communication being taught in the classroom. Discussion The goal of this study was to see if nonverbal communication was being taught in the classroom and if it was important to be taught. Teachers have many different ways of teaching, and many different techniques but the overall outcome was that yes, nonverbal communication is very important in the classroom and that many teachers do use nonverbal communication on a daily basis to teach. Class size, gender, and classification did not really matter in this study. Previous research has also found that nonverbal communication is a very important factor in teaching as well. My study supported previous research, and agreed that nonverbal communication is being taught in the classrooms, and it is important for teachers to teach and use nonverbal communication. Another interesting find was that gender did not play a big part in the overall outcomes. I figured since females tend to notice things more, like proximity, gestures, posture, etc., that females would answer a lot differently than males but that was not true in this case. All students believed pretty much the same things. I was not surprised that students believed nonverbal communication was important because I agree, it is.   After conducting my survey I learned a lot of things from classmates. Some of the things I discovered were, body posture is a very important nonverbal in the classroom. Body posture can tell when students understand the content presented or when they have trouble grasping the major concepts. A student who is slouching in his seat sends a very different message than the student who learns forward or sits erect. I also learned that eye contact plays a very important role in teaching. Teachers often use eye contact in the classroom to decide who is prepared to answer a question, or who has completed a homework assignment. If a student does not want to be called on they will try and have no eye contact with the teacher, and that indicates to the teacher they do not know the answer or wish to not speak. Students also responded that distance is used on a daily basis in the classroom. The teachers are supposed to stand in the front, and the students sit in desks in the middle and back. I also discovered that students would interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Dress being a form of nonverbal communication, I discovered plays a role in every classroom. Teachers dress appropriately for class everyday, as in dress pants, dresses, nice shirts, etc. Effective teaching depends on successful communication. By definition of non-verbal communication without uttering a single word, teachers and students constantly send messages to each other (Thompson, 2012). Limits and Future Study Although my study found a lot of reliable information, there were some limitations. When conducting my survey, although it turned out very helpful, I would have changed the questions and been a little more descriptive with them. For example, I would have not only asked if the certain nonverbals were used in the classroom, I would have also asked when and how these forms of communication were used. Another limitation was class classification. There were a wide variety of grade levels that took my survey, and all teachers in every grade level have a different way of teaching, so I would have tried to get maybe all Juniors or all Seniors to take my survey. I would have tried to have all people who take the same classes with the same teachers to take the survey. Future researchers could look more in to how students use nonverbal [communication to communicate rather than just teachers. I think students use just as much nonverbal communication as teachers do and that would be an interesting research to conduct also. This research was conducted to show the importance of nonverbal communication while teaching in the classroom. Nonverbal communication plays an essential role in the classroom so I believe more studies should be done concerning nonverbal communication. References Carli, L. (1995). Nonverbal behavior, gender, and influence. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 68(6), 1030-1041. Duggan, T. (2012). Nonverbal cues between men and women in the workplace. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/nonverbal-cues-men-women-workplace- 11424.html. Key, Mary Ritchie. (1977) Nonverbal communication: a research guide bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press Mayo, C., Henley, N. (1981). Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York : Springer-Verlag. Molcho, S. (1985). Body speech. New York, NY: St. Martins Press. Pliner, P., Alloway, T.,Krames, L. (1974). Nonverbal communication: Advances in the study of communication and affect. New York: Plenum Press. Speer, D. C. (1972). NonVerbal Communication. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications. Thompson, J. (2012). The science and fun of nonverbal communication [Electronic Version]. Are man and woman equals in nonverbal communication? Weitz, S. (1974) Nonverbal communication: Readings with commentary. New York: Oxford University Press. Wilmont, W. (1995). Relational Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.

history of juvenile justice :: essays research papers

History of Juvenile Justice *created in the late 1800’s to reform U.S. policies regarding youthful offenders *early on children were treated as chattels of adults without any rights *if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were *New York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison opened in 1825 *during the 1800’s the juvenile justice system exercised its authority within a â€Å"parens patriae† which meant state as parent or guardian role. The state assumed responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes *Many refuge homes were similar to orphanages *the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision *Illinois adopted the first juvenile code in 1899 and established the country’s first juvenile court *prior to 1900 at least ten children under the age of fourteen had been executed *Illinois law focused on the offender’s character rather than the offense *the mission of juvenile courts was to make the youth productive citizens *in the 1920’s professional and mental health services available through the courts were expanded *Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special hearing before any transfers to adult court *In re Gault(1967) case that determined the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with certain standard procedures and protections *by 1970’s a major conservative reform movement emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of serious and violent offenders *Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and eliminate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults. history of juvenile justice :: essays research papers History of Juvenile Justice *created in the late 1800’s to reform U.S. policies regarding youthful offenders *early on children were treated as chattels of adults without any rights *if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were *New York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison opened in 1825 *during the 1800’s the juvenile justice system exercised its authority within a â€Å"parens patriae† which meant state as parent or guardian role. The state assumed responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes *Many refuge homes were similar to orphanages *the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision *Illinois adopted the first juvenile code in 1899 and established the country’s first juvenile court *prior to 1900 at least ten children under the age of fourteen had been executed *Illinois law focused on the offender’s character rather than the offense *the mission of juvenile courts was to make the youth productive citizens *in the 1920’s professional and mental health services available through the courts were expanded *Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special hearing before any transfers to adult court *In re Gault(1967) case that determined the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with certain standard procedures and protections *by 1970’s a major conservative reform movement emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of serious and violent offenders *Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and eliminate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults.

Physiological Responses to distance treadmill running :: essays research papers

Exercise: Distance Treadmill Running When we are challenged with any physical task, the human body responds through a series of integrated changes in function that involve most, if not all, of its physiologic systems. Movement requires activation and control of the musculoskeletal system; the cardiovascular and respiratory systems provide the ability to sustain this movement over extended periods. Physiological Responses: From experience I know that while on the treadmill before long my chest is heaving, my lungs are bursting, my heart is pounding, I get hot, sweat profusely, and the previously coordinated movement of my limbs start to falter; my muscles ache and my brain tells me to stop. Within minutes of starting this strenuous exercise the body temperature can rise by several degrees Celsius, and activation of thermoregulatory heat loss mechanisms (principally sweating and opening up of skin blood vessels) becomes essential in order to keep the body as cool as possible. Certainly, exercise is a challenge to homeostasis. Heart rate increases to pump more blood to the muscles all over the body which are working harder. Therefore, your cardiac output increases. The heart rate and the cardiac output are proportional to each other. www.medicdirectsport.com detailed that  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The energy requirements of muscle during exercise are met not only by an alteration in intramuscular metabolism, but also by integrated activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and nervous systems.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The body produces lactic acid whenever it breaks down carbohydrates for energy. We use energy when we exercise therefore lactic acid is produced when we exercise. www.cytosport.com detailed that  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"When the body makes lactic acid, it splits into lactate ion (lactate) and hydrogen ion.

A Persuasive Essay on Underage Drinking

Because underage drinking is related to easy access to alcohol, an alcohol-related problem associated exclusively with young people is that of underage drinking in licensed premises. Young people may enter bars, subject to the licensee’s permission, once they are 18 years of age in England, Scotland and Wales.The corresponding age in the United States is 21. Survey findings show that between 10 and 20 per cent of 13 year olds report that their usual location for drinking is in a public bar, club or disco. The proportion drinking in these establishments rises steadily with age, until at 17 years of age, between 50 and 90 per cent of young people choose licensed places in which to conduct their drinking (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).This paper argues that there is need in the determination of the extent to which raising the minimum drinking age results in reduction in use and problems among young adults.Policies to restrict the minimum drinking age at which licensed sales to under age youth are permitted are intended to restrict youth access to alcohol and prevent the early onset and rapid development of drinking problems among youth and young adults. It is of some interest in this regard to also determine the effects of lower minimum drinking ages on alcohol problems.There is now a strong and consistent body of knowledge in relation to the impact of drinking age laws for public drinking and making legal purchases of alcohol. This was influential in assisting community advocacy groups to push successfully for the drinking age to be raised to 21 in many US States, following experiences with earlier periods of relaxation (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).These drinking age laws stand as the highest in the world, being shared with Malaysia, South Korea and Ukraine. Most countries for which information is available have 18 as the legal drinking age and a handful of European countries have adopted 16 (Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Spain).There is persuasive eviden ce that changes to the minimum legal drinking age directly result in corresponding changes in levels of a variety of problems relating to alcohol intoxication, including road traffic fatalities, juvenile crime, serious assault and drunkenness convictions for the affected age groups (Yu 1998).The US General Accounting Office (1987) conducted a systematic review of this topic and, on the basis of 14 studies judged to be methodologically sound, estimated reductions in fatal road crashes among young drivers to be 5–28%. In one study of changes in drinking age laws across four Australian states, reductions were significantly associated with increases in assaults.Following the drop in drinking age from 21 to 18 in Western Australia in 1970, rates of serious assault increased by 231% for juveniles in comparison with Queensland (O'malley and Wagenaar 1991).

Comparison of Wedding of India and China

The approach of these paper work is to know and compare the two country’s tradition when it comes to wedding. Talking about wedding, we all know that it is the important aspect when two people want to enter the life of having a family. According to Webster, wedding is the ceremony of marriage with its accompanying festive. And as I go on with these paper work, we will all know the different traditions in wedding of the two countries and its histories. To formally start this topic, we must first know the two country’s wedding history. In India, history of Indian Wedding says that early societies for social as well as political reasons had to have secure means for the perpetuation of the species and an institution to handle the granting of property rights and marriage was the institution for fulfilling that need. History of Indian Wedding says that early societies for social as well as political reasons had to have secure means for the perpetuation of the species and an institution to handle the granting of property rights and marriage was the institution for fulfilling that need. In Indian culture arranged marriages have a history since fourth century. The culture of arranged marriages has still survived modernization and industrialization in India. Ancient times, the marriages took place while the couple was very young. In fact, the boy`s parents searched for a matching alliance for him in his preadolescent age and then approached the girl`s family with the proposition. There used to be a middleman to look for alliance and propose it to each family about the match. He even acted as a negotiator, also would suggest a suitable date and hour for the marriage to take place after matching the bride and the groom`s birth charts, he further also would facilitate in decision of the venue suitable for each families. In Indian Weddings the bride`s family was the host for the function. In China the process began with an elaborate marriage proposal and acceptance. This process was placed in the hands of a go-between, who acted as a buffer between the two parties – a role similar to that of a real estate agent today. The important parties in proposal and betrothal negotiations were the parents of the prospective bride and groom, rather than the bride and groom themselves. â€Å"Marriage was for continuing the ancestral line and creating alliances between families –; too important a duty to be left in the rash hands of the young,† Costa explains. † When the boy’s parents identified a likely bride-to-be, they would send the go-between to present gifts to the girl’s parents and to sound out their feelings about the match. If the proposal was well-received, the go-between would obtain the date and hour of the girl’s birth recorded on a formal document. The groom’s family would place this document on the ancestral altar for three days. If no inauspicious omens, e. g. quarrels between the parents or a loss of property, took place within that time, the parents would give the information to a astrological expert to confirm that the young woman and their son would make a good match. If the boy’s family found the horoscope to be favourable, they gave the boy’s birth date and hour to the go-between to bring to the girl’s family, who would go through the same process. Only after both outcomes were favourable, would the two families arrange to meet. Finally face-to-face, each family evaluated the other in terms of appearance, education, character, and social position. If both were satisfied they would proceed to the betrothal. Since these is a paper work having a comparison of the two countries wedding tradition it must have the dresses they wear, the accessories the have, the meaning if averything they do and the astrological meanings which I’ve learned that are all important to the people of the two countries. Let’s start with their clothing or dresses they wear. In Chinese Red is central to the wedding theme of China. It signifies love, joy and prosperity and is used in a variety of ways in Chinese wedding traditions. The bride's wedding gown is often red, as are the wedding invitations, and wedding gift boxes or envelopes for cash gifts. Even the bride and groom's homes are decorated in red on the wedding day while in India, Indian brides wear pink and red saris on their wedding day, adorning themselves extravagantly with as much jewelry as possible. In these two countries it is important to know their astrology, if they are compatible to each other. Because they believe that having the compatible horoscope means they will be having abundant life ahead. According to the encyclopaedia titled Americana, the Hindu marriage rite opens with prayers by a Hindu priest. The priest pins one end of concentrated linen to the bride and groom’s clothing while the other side is on the bricks as a symbol of unity. The couple then walk around the sacred area. After the seventh time, the sealing of contract is done. The Ceremony may last as long as two hours. At the end a whole coconut is broken as the priest blesses the couple. hile in China, few religious ceremonies are today in either Communist or Nationalist China. Marriages often take place in public hall. The rite is simply an announcement with a couple’s marriage by their presence before at least two witnesses. The marriage is then recorded with the state authorities. In Indian culture arranged marriages have a history since fourth century. The culture of arranged marriages h as still survived modernization and industrialization in India. Ancient times, the marriages took place while the couple was very young. In fact, the boy`s parents searched for a matching alliance for him in his preadolescent age and then approached the girl`s family with the proposition. There used to be a middleman to look for alliance and propose it to each family about the match. He even acted as a negotiator, also would suggest a suitable date and hour for the marriage to take place after matching the bride and the groom`s birth charts, he further also would facilitate in decision of the venue suitable for each families. In Indian Weddings the bride`s family was the host for the function. While in Chinese systemization of apparently pre-existing elements of traditional Chinese wedding ceremony is generally credited to scholars of the Warring States period , 402-221 B. C. Three venerable texts, The Book of Rites, The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial, and the Baihu Tong outline the Three Covenants and the Six Rites, that were considered necessary elements of a marriage. However, the full ritual was so complicated that even within the span of the Warring States period, the etiquette underwent changes and simplification. What remained constant were the chief objectives: joining and enhancing the two families and ensuring succession with numerous descendants. Reverence to parents and ancestors, omens to encourage fertility and wealth, financial and social obligations contracted by both families at the betrothal, extensive gift giving etiquette, and the bride’s incorporation into her husband’s family are recurring elements. Since these are the most essential thing in their wedding traditions, it is still being practiced by them. I have learned that they have some comparison though Indians are Hindus and Chinese are Buddhists, for example with their astrological means. But I can say that the Indians has more preparations than Chinese and also, China’s marriage are more simple than with the Indian people. The Chinese practices the monogamy marriage while the Indian practices the polygamy. But what’s important with the two countries is to have their wedding done and to have it in blessed way by the priest and under their GODs according to their religion. Reference http://www.indianetzone.com/2/history_indian_wedding.htm

Employability

Definition of EmployabilityEmployability has been used as a public presentation index for higher instruction establishments ( Smith et Al, 2000 ) and represents a signifier of work particular ( pro ) active adaptability that consists of three dimensions: calling individuality, personal adaptability and societal and human capital ( Fugate et Al, 2004 ) . At the same clip, Knight and Yorke ( 2004 ) have put frontward the four wide and interlacing constituents of USEM history of employability: * Understanding ( of the capable subject ) * Skilful patterns in context * Efficacy beliefs * Meta-cognition Nabi ( 2003 ) mentioned that employability is about alumnuss possessing an appropriate degree of accomplishments and properties, and being able to utilize them to derive and stay in appropriate employment. From a human resource development position, employability is a construct that emerged through the ninetiess along with a turning perceptual experience among employees that they can non number on their employers for long-run employment. Employability is a promise to employees that they will hold the accomplishments to happen new occupations rapidly if their occupations end out of the blue ( Baruch, 2001 ) . Prior to this, Harvey ( 2001 ) has defined employability in assorted ways from single and institutional positions. Individual employability is defined as alumnuss being able to show the properties to obtain occupations. Normally, institutional employability relates to the employment rates of the university graduates. However, Harvey argued that employment results of alumnuss are non an index of institutional employability. He presented an employability-development theoretical account shown in Figure 1. The theoretical account illustrated a multi-perspectives position of employability with all related stake-holders.Employability and Higher Education: Key issuesDespite the burgeoning research on employability and handiness of a broad scope of theoretical accounts purporting to explicate it, employability itself remains a combative construct unfastened to a & A ; lsquo ; overpluss of micro-interpretations ‘ ( Harvey, 2003 ) . This can do the undertaking of course of study development peculiarly hard. [ p5 ]The turning importance of employabilityHarmonizing to McNair ( 2003 ) , graduate employability has become a more of import issue for establishments. This is: because of the altering nature of the alumnus labor market, mass engagement in HE, pressures on pupil finance, competition to enroll pupils and outlooks of pupils, employers, parents and authoriti es ( expressed in quality audit and conference tabular arraies ) . On a broader degree, it has been noted that higher instruction, through the coevals and airing of cognition, straight impacts economic fight on a national and international degree ( Brown et al, 2003 ; CIHE, 2003 ; UUK, 2007 ; DIUS, 2008 ) . The significance of the UK HE system to the wider economic system has been by and large acknowledged since the Robbins Report was published in 1963. However, this relationship has been made more expressed in recent old ages and it was with the publication of the Dearing Report ( 1997 ) that the connexion found outstanding look. Dearing strongly expressed the demand for a globally competitory economic system incorporating extremely skilled, extremely trained and extremely motivated alumnuss who could execute efficaciously on the universe ‘s phase. This coupled with the farther development of human-capital theory ( Becker, 1975 ) , which asserts that one function of authorities is to supply and foster conditions which will increase the pool of skilled labor, has created a fertile forum for the discourse of & A ; lsquo ; employability ‘ to boom. The altering nature of the graduate-labour market Dearing ( 1997 ) stated that & amp ; lsquo ; acquisition should be progressively antiphonal to employment demands and include the development of general accomplishments, widely valued in employment ‘ ; nevertheless, the labor market is altering dramatically and at a much faster gait than in the yesteryear. Emerging markets and rapid enlargement of the cognition economic system means that the same set of employability accomplishments which were in demand 10 or even five old ages ago may non be required in the germinating graduate-employment market. Employers are progressively seeking flexible recruits who can work efficaciously in the & A ; lsquo ; de-layered, down-sized, information-technology driven and advanced ‘ administrations in being today ( Harvey et al, 1997: 1 ) . Employers are seeking people who can make more than merely react to alter, they need those who can take alteration. McNair ( 2003 ) remarks on the velocity of labour-market development and notes that a higher per centum of the work force is employed in little and average endeavors ( SMEs ) , a tendency besides reflected in graduate-employment statistics. While this may offer chances to derive early duty in less structured and hierarchal work environments, alumnuss need to hold the accomplishments to make honoring graduate functions function in what Purcell and Elias ( 2004 ) refer to as & A ; lsquo ; niche-graduate businesss ‘ . Niche-graduate businesss are those: where the bulk of officeholders are non alumnuss, but within which there are stable or turning specialist niches that require higher instruction accomplishments and cognition ( Purcell and Elias, 2003: 5 ) . Students hence need to be equipped with accomplishments which enable them to & A ; lsquo ; turn ‘ occupations to graduate degree. HE has been criticised by some as being excessively slow to recognize the changing nature of the labor market and is bring forthing alumnuss who are sick equipped to cover with the worlds of graduate employment ( CBI, 2006 ) . Government policy to widen engagement in HE, taking to increase the proportion of 18-30 twelvemonth olds to 50 per cent by 2010, will no uncertainty have a important impact on the supply of alumnuss in the labor market. Harmonizing to Elias and Purcell ( 2004 ) engagement rates in UK HE about doubled in the decennary 1991-2001, from 1.2 million pupils to 2.1 million. Such rapid enlargement has raised concerns that the addition in the figure of extremely qualified persons may non be coupled with an tantamount rise in demand for their accomplishments and makings ( Brown and Hesketh, 2004 ; Brynin, 2002 ; Keep and Mayhew, 1996, 1999 in Elias and Purcell, 2004 ) . While Elias and Purcell ( 2004 ) conclude that the enlargement of HE at the terminal of the 20th century has been chiefly positive, Purcell et Al ( 2005: 16 ) express concern that & amp ; lsquo ; the tantrum between the supply of alumnuss and employers ‘ demand for their cognition and accomplishments clearly falls some ma nner short of ideal ‘ . There are assorted studies about whether demand for alumnuss will be affected by increasing engagement in higher instruction. The supply of alumnuss has been steadily lifting and there were 258,000 alumnuss in 1997 compared with 319,000 in 2007 ( HESA, 2007 ) . Despite lifting Numberss go forthing HE, harmonizing to DIUS ( 2008 ) , demand for alumnuss remains high and the latest study by the Association of Graduate Recruiters ( AGR 2007 ) suggests that the figure of graduate vacancies increased by 15.1 per cent in 2007. Both DIUS and AGR do nevertheless raise concerns about the mismatch between what employers are looking for and the accomplishments graduates possess ( see Chapter 2 for a more elaborate analysis of accomplishments ) . Despite much contention about the impact of increasing pupil Numberss, it is incontestable that alumnuss are confronting a changing, more competitory labor market and they need to be prepared consequently.The altering nature of the higher instruction lan dscapeBeyond force per unit areas confronting alumnuss in the labor market, universities are confronting increasing demands to account for what they do and prospective pupils and parents are going spoting & A ; lsquo ; clients ‘ when shopping for the most suited HEI ( McNair, 2003 ) . Given the importance of employability in the equation, establishments can non overlook the significance of developing this facet of proviso. Allison et Al ( 2002 ) allude to the force per unit areas confronting HEIs as evidenced by the publication of increasing Numberss of public presentation indexs and counsel paperss such as the QAA Code of Practice for Careers Education, Information and Guidance ( 2001 ) and the Harris Review of Careers Services ( 2001 ) . Yorke and Knight ( 2002: 4 ) have expressed some concern about the manner in which statistics on employment rates used in league tabular arraies can deflect HEIs from the of import undertaking of heightening employability. They province that: one time employment rates become an institutional public presentation index ( HEFCE, 2001 ) , there is a baneful slipstream as establishments seek to & A ; lsquo ; better their tonss ‘ since they know that these tonss will stop up in the alleged & A ; lsquo ; league tabular arraies ‘ published in the imperativeness.Consequently:there is a danger that maximizing the mark will command more institutional attending than carry throughing the educational purpose of heightening employability. Higher Education in the UK has gone through considerable alteration during the last two decennaries. The move from an elitist system to one of mass engagement has been extremely important. Shelley ( 2005 ) indicates that the figure of 18-30 twelvemonth olds in HE rose from 12 per cent in the 1980s to 43 per cent by 2002. This he points out has non been matched with commensurate degrees of support and between 1977 and 1997 authorities outgo per pupil fell by 40 per cent. In recent old ages nevertheless support degrees have improved with HEFCE denoting a figure of & A ; lb ; 6,706 million in recurrent support for 2006-07 to universities and colleges in England ( HEFCE, 2006 ) . Increased support degrees have led to systems of answerability being put in topographic point. These in bend have led to the development of managerial patterns intended to advance new efficiency and customer-focused, customer-led policy models which should guarantee success in a new competitory market. In the eyes of observers such as Bekhradnia ( 2005 ) the last decennary has seen a mixture of successes and failures of managerial enterprises. For some observers ( e.g. Brown and Lauder, 1999 ; Green, 1993 ) these policy directives coupled with the accent placed on the part of HE to the planetary economic system has led to the & A ; lsquo ; marketisation ‘ and the & A ; lsquo ; commodification ‘ of HE and its instruction. Brown and Lauder ( 1999 ) contend that there has been a motion towards a & A ; lsquo ; neo-Fordist ‘ attack to HE in which instruction and acquisition is now emulating the Fordist fabrication procedures of the early 20th century. This construct was characterised by the production assembly line & A ; lsquo ; just-in-time ‘ unitization production methods of fabrication industries. For HE this manifests itself in several ways which Brown and Lauder describe as: scholar administrations with accent on & A ; lsquo ; numerical ‘ flexibleness ( i.e. outcome-related instruction and cost-driven dockets ) , aggregate production of standardized merchandises ( i.e. modularisation/unitisati on of course of study ) , and accent on quality systems to guarantee standardization which consequence in a bland mechanistic experience of larning. [ p9 ] Given the evident consensus among the cardinal stakeholders about which accomplishments are of import and on the demand to turn to employability in HE, it seems unusual that there is so small commonalty in attacks taken by universities to heighten employability. There remains considerable argument on how best sweetening of employability can be achieved, and so the extent to which HE can act upon this facet of pupil development. In an extended reappraisal of HE proviso, Little ( 2004: 4 ) concludes that while there is: international concern that higher instruction should heighten alumnus employability, there is small grounds of systematic believing about how best to make it, allow entirely any theoretical account that can be badged as & A ; lsquo ; best pattern ‘ and adopted wholesale. Developing a common apprehension of how to heighten employability is a extremely complex issue, although Knight ( 2001 ) believes authorities and others persist in handling it in much the same manner as & A ; lsquo ; invention ‘ , as & A ; lsquo ; something simple, to be planned, delivered and evaluated ‘ ( Knight, 2001 cited in Lees, 2002: 1 ) . Trying to organize a co-ordinated and holistic attack to skill development, authorities has introduced many programmes and enterprises to advance accomplishment development and these seem to hold had some impact. The DfEE Higher Education Projects Fund 1998-2000, for illustration, included undertakings to develop cardinal and movable accomplishments and Harvey, Locke and Morey ( 2002 ) have reviewed the tendencies in establishments ‘ attacks to implanting employability. They note that there has been a displacement in HE from developing the specific employability accomplishments within specializer faculties to a more holistic attack where establishments are implanting employability and accomplishments throughout the course of study. They present illustrations of employability enterprises from different HEIs which were extremely varied and based on differing doctrines. Possibly it is inevitable that establishments and even single sections and faculty members will change widely in their attacks to developing employability as they will be runing in the context of their ain frame of mention about instruction, and will be covering with pupils who will change enormously in their ability and aspirations. However, it is clear from the research on employability accomplishments that the properties which employers value and pedagogues recognise as of import are really similar, and there is hope that such consensus in thought can lend to a more consistent attack to curriculum development.